COMPUTER SCIENCE
Computer Science
Computer science (CS) spans the range from theory through programming to cutting-edge development of computing solutions. Computer science offers a foundation that permits graduates to adapt to new technologies and new ideas. The work of computer scientists falls into three categories: a) designing and building software; b) developing effective ways to solve computing problems, such as storing information in databases, sending data over networks or providing new approaches to security problems; and c) devising new and better ways of using computers and addressing particular challenges in areas such as robotics, computer vision, or digital forensics (although these specializations are not available in all computer science programs). Most computer science programs require some mathematical background.
Let us consider what is involved in a career path in each area.
Career Path 1: Designing and implementing software. This refers to the work of software development which has grown to include aspects of web development, interface design, security issues, mobile computing, and so on. This is the career path that the majority of computer science graduates follow. While a bachelor’s degree is generally sufficient for entry into this kind of career, many software professionals return to school to obtain a terminal master’s degree. (Rarely is a doctorate involved.) Career opportunities occur in a wide variety of settings including large or small software companies, large or small computer services companies, and large organizations of all kinds (industry, government, banking, healthcare, etc.). Degree programs in software engineering also educate students for this career path.
Career Path 2: Devising new ways to use computers. This refers to innovation in the application of computer technology. A career path in this area can involve advanced graduate work, followed by a position in a research university or industrial research and development laboratory; it can involve entrepreneurial activity such as was evident during the dot-com boom of the 1990s; or it can involve a combination of the two.
Career Path 3: Developing effective ways to solve computing problems. This refers to the application or development of computer science theory and knowledge of algorithms to ensure the best possible solutions for computationally intensive problems. As a practical matter, a career path in the development of new computer science theory typically requires graduate work to the Ph.D. level, followed by a position in a research university or an industrial research and development laboratory.
Career Path 4: Planning and managing organizational technology infrastructure. This is the type of work for which the new information technology (IT) programs explicitly aim to educate students.
Career paths 2 and 3 are undenably in the domain of computer science graduates. Career paths 1 and 4 have spawned the new majors in software engineering and information technology, respectively, and information systems graduates often follow Career path 1, too. Computer scientists continue to fill these positions, but programs in software engineering, information technology, and information systems offer alternative paths to these careers.
Monday, December 28, 2009
COMPUTER DISPLAY CONTROM PANEL APPLETS IN ACASCADING MENU
COMPUTER DISPLAY CONTROM PANEL APPLETS IN ACASCADING MENU
Maybe you'd like to bypass the Control Panel altogether. If so, you can force Windows to display Control Panel applets in a cascading menu when you choose Control Panel from the Start button, as shown to the right.To do this in Windows XP, right-click the taskbar and choose Properties --> Start Menu. Choose the Start menu radio button, click the Customize button next to it, and choose the Advanced tab. Under the Control Panel heading, choose Display as a menu. Click OK twice.In Windows Vista, right-click the taskbar and choose Properties --> Start Menu. Then click the Customize button next to the Start menu item, scroll down to the Control Panel heading, and select Display as a menu.
Maybe you'd like to bypass the Control Panel altogether. If so, you can force Windows to display Control Panel applets in a cascading menu when you choose Control Panel from the Start button, as shown to the right.To do this in Windows XP, right-click the taskbar and choose Properties --> Start Menu. Choose the Start menu radio button, click the Customize button next to it, and choose the Advanced tab. Under the Control Panel heading, choose Display as a menu. Click OK twice.In Windows Vista, right-click the taskbar and choose Properties --> Start Menu. Then click the Customize button next to the Start menu item, scroll down to the Control Panel heading, and select Display as a menu.
Computer Engineering
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Computer Engineering
Computer engineering (CE) students study the design of digital hardware and software systems including communications systems, computers and devices that contain computers. For them, programming is focused on digital devices and their interfaces with users and other devices. An important area within computing engineering is the development of embedded systems. Devices such as cell phones, digital audio players, digital video recorders, alarm systems, x-ray machines, and laser surgical tools all require integration of hardware and embedded software, and are all the result of computer engineering.
Computer engineering majors are offered by a fairly large number of universities, almost always within engineering. This major requires significant study of mathematics.
Computer Engineering
Computer engineering (CE) students study the design of digital hardware and software systems including communications systems, computers and devices that contain computers. For them, programming is focused on digital devices and their interfaces with users and other devices. An important area within computing engineering is the development of embedded systems. Devices such as cell phones, digital audio players, digital video recorders, alarm systems, x-ray machines, and laser surgical tools all require integration of hardware and embedded software, and are all the result of computer engineering.
Computer engineering majors are offered by a fairly large number of universities, almost always within engineering. This major requires significant study of mathematics.
DELL STUDIO 15 LAPTOP
DELL STUDIO 15 LAPTOP
Studio 15 LaptopGet creative and stay connected with the new StudioTM 15 laptop. Its Hi-def, 15.6¨ LED widescreen design is multimedia-rich, and with a choice of colors the Studio 15 is easily personalised to fit your style.
Up to Intel® Core™2 Duo processors: A breakthrough in notebook performance
Hi-def 16:9 aspect ratio LED display
Personalise with a choice of 5 colors or a unique pattern
Surround sound with subwoofer and built-in wireless card
Optional backlit keyboard and Blu-ray DiscTM
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Studio 15 LaptopGet creative and stay connected with the new StudioTM 15 laptop. Its Hi-def, 15.6¨ LED widescreen design is multimedia-rich, and with a choice of colors the Studio 15 is easily personalised to fit your style.
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ALL COMPUTER NEWS: CCPU GLOSARRY
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Using Control panel to Manage Hosting Files!
Rackspace - 100% Network Uptime Guarantee
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Web Hosting Tutorial Choose a Good Web Host
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Why Reliable Web Hosting?
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Which Web Hosting is Best For You?
Dedicated Servers for Ecommerce
Web Hosting Guide
What are the options for web hosting?
The Essentials of Web Hosting
Google Web Hosting
Free Image Hosting
HP Labs Technical Reports ,Web Hosting Analysis To...
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Why Indiatimes Hosting?
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Top Quality Web Hosting
Introduction to the World of Web hosting
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Just Host Web Hosting Overview
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East End Hosting reviews
Namesco reviews
Personal Web Hosting Plan
Best Web Host of The Month
What Are Scripting Languages Like PHP, ASP, Perl, ...
What Is A SSL Certificate?
What Is Bandwidth And How Much Do I Need?
Static Web Designing
Flash Web Design
Ecommerce Web Hosting
Linux Hosting
Domain Industry Rocked By Shill Auction Bidding Ad...
Domain Auctions: Chill Out, But Let’s Re-examine
TechCrunch.com Crunches Snapnames.com Calling The ...
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The domain name industry gets its Bernie Madoff
SnapNames: Former exec. bid up domain prices
After Winning Case, Man Hands Domain Name to Glenn...
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DELL STUDIO 15 LAPTOP
LAPTOP LINUX
COMPUTER CHEAP INTEL COMPUTER INTEL CORE 2 PERFORM...
ONE OF COMPUTER LEADER MICROSOFT CORPORATION
HOW TO WORK COMPUTER RAM
COMPUTER HARD DISK
COMPUTER PEN DRIVE
COMPUTER THUMB DRIVE
COMPUTER SOFTWARE FREE PDF WRITER
COMPUTER MOVE FAST
COMPUTER INTERNET... THE GOLD MINE...
COMPUTER BACKUP......BUT WHERE TO...
computer 21st century career.........
COMPUTER SPEED UP YOUR PC'S PERFORMANCE
COMPUTER DISPLAY CONTROM PANEL APPLETS IN ACASCADI...
COMPUTET UNLOCK THE SUPER SECRET ADMINISTRATOR ACC...
COMPUTER MULTIPLE SESSIONS
COMPUTER CD-R ABCs
COMPUTER BUSINESS START -HOW TO SUPPORT
COMPUTER CODE PROGRAMES HISTORY
COMPUTER SPEAKERS INSTALL
COMPUTER CD AND DVD
COMPUTER CPU(PROCESSOR)
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the heart of...
COMPUTER CHOOSING THE PARTS
COMPUTER SILENCING
COMPUTER FANS
COMPUTER HARD DISK
COMPUTER RANDOM ACCESS MEMRORY(RAM)
ALL COMPUTER NEWS LOGITECH QUICK CAM COMMUNICATE S...
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ALL COMPUTER NEWS: CCPU GLOSARRY
ALL COMPUTER NEWS: CCPU GLOSARRY
* 3G - Third Generation
* 3GPP, 3GPP2 - Third Generation Partnership Project, Project 2
* AAA - Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
* AAL - ATM Adaptation Layer
* ACD - Automatic Call Distribution
* ACTS - Automated Coin Toll Service
* ADPCM - Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
* AG - Access Gateway
* AH - Authentication Header
* AIN - Advanced Intelligent Network
* AIS - Alarm Indication Signaling
* AIX - Advanced Interactive Executive
* ALCAP - Access Link Control Application Protocol
* AMR - Adaptive Multi-Rate
* ANDSF - Access Network Discovery and Selection Function
* ANSI - American National Standards Institute
* AP - Application Part
* API - Application Programming Interface
* APP - Application Marker
* APS - Automatic Protection Switching
* ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
* AS - Application Server
* ASN-1 - Abstract Syntax Notation One Encoder / Decoder
* ASP - Application Service Provider
* ASR - Audio Response System
* ATCA - Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture
* ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode
* ATMARP - Asynchronous Transfer Mode Address Resolution Protocol
* AuC - Authentication Center
* B-ISUP - Broadband ISDN User Part
* B2BUA - Back-to-Back User Agent
* BDP - Business Decision Point
* BGCF - Breakout Gateway Control Function
* BICC - Bearer Independent Call Control
* BM-SC - Broadcast / Multicast Service Center
* BMC - Broadcast Multicast Control
* BOOTP - Bootstrap Protocol
* BRAS/MSS - Broadband Remote Access Switch / Multi Service Switch
* BS - Base Station
* BSC - Base Station Controller
* BSS - Base Station System
* BSSAP - Base Station System Application Part
* BSSGP - Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol
* BTS - Base Transceiver System
* BTSM - BTS Management
* CALA - Caribbean and Latin America
* CAMEL - Customized Applications for Mobile Networks Enhanced Logic
* CAN - Connectivity Access Network
* CAP - CAMEL Application Part
* CAPEX - Capital Expenditure
* CBC - Cell Broadcast Center
* CBN - Common Bonding Network
* CC - Call Control, Connection Confirm
* CCF - Charging Control Function
* CCPU - Continuous Computing
* CD-ROM - Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
* CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
* CDVT - Cell Delay Variation Tolerance
* CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
* CGF - Charging Gateway Function
* CGW - Charging Gateway
* CID - Channel Identifier
* CISPR - Comite International Spécial des Peturbations Radioélectriques (or International Special Committee on Radio Interference)
* CLEI - Common Language Equipment Identifier
* CLI - Command Line Interface
* CLIP - Classical IP
* CM - Connection Manager
* CN - Core Network
* COPS - Common Open Policy Service
* COPS-PR - COPS Policy Provisioning
* CORBA - Common Object Request Broker Architecture
* COTS - Commercial Off-The-Shelf
* CP-TA - Communications Platforms Trade Association
* CPU - Central Processing Unit
* CRF - Charging Rules Function
* CS - Circuit Switched
* CS2K - Communication Server 2000
* CSA - Canadian Standards Association
* CSCF - Call Session Control Function
* CSE - CAMEL Service Environment
* CSU - Computer Switching Unit
* CSV - Comma Separated Values
* DAT - Digital Audio Tape
* DES - Diagnostic Error Signaling
* DFT/HA - Distributed Fault-Tolerant / High Availability
* DFT - Distributed Fault-Tolerant
* DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
* Diameter - Signaling protocol for AAA functions in IMS networks
* DiffServ - Differentiated Services
* DL - Data Link, Down Link
* DLT - Digital Linear Tape
* DNS - Domain Name System
* DPI - Deep Packet Inspection
* DPM - Downtime Performance Measurement
* DS-0 - Digital Signal Zero (64Kbps)
* DS-1 - Digital Signal One (1.544Mbps)
* DS-3 - Digital Signal Three (44.7Mbps)
* DS - Differentiated Services
* DSCP - Dynamic Subnet Configuration Protocol
* DSL - Digital Subscriber Line
* DSLAM - Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
* DSMIP - Dual Stack Mobile IP
* DSP - Digital Signal Processing
* DSU - Digital Switching Unit
* DTMF - Dual Tone Multi-Frequency
* DVD - Digital Video Disk
* DVMRP - Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
* E1 - European Format Digital Signal Level 1
* EADPCM - Embedded Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
* EAP - Extensible Authentication Protocol
* eBM-SC - Enhanced Broadcast / Multicast Service Center
* eBS - Evolved Base Station
* ECF - Event Charging Function
* ECMP - Equal Cost Multi-Path
* EIA - Electronic Industries Association
* EIR - Equipment Identification Register
* EM - Element Manager
* EMC - Electromagnetic Compatibility
* EMS - Element Management System
* EN - European Norm
* eNb - E-UTRAN NodeB
* ENUM - Telephone Number Mapping
* EPC - Evolved Packet Core
* EPS - Evolved Packet System
* ePDG - Enhanced Packet Data Gateway
* ESI - End System Identifier
* ESP - Encapsulating Security Payload
* ETS - European Telecommunication Standard
* ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* E-UTRAN - Evolved UTRAN
* F1 - F1 Class of OAM
* F3 - Virtual Path OAM
* F5 OAM - Virtual Circuit OAM
* FA - Foreign Agent
* FAP - Femto Access Point
* FCC - Federal Communications Commission
* FGW - Femto Gateway
* FITs - Failures per Billion Hours of Operation
* FMECA - Fault Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis
* FP - Framing Protocol
* FR - Frame Relay
* FRU - Field Replaceable Unit
* FT/HA - Fault-Tolerant / High Availability
* FTP - File Transfer Protocol
* FTTx - Fiber to the curb / home / premises
* GAN - Generic Access Network
* GANC - Generic Access Network Controller
* GbE - Gigabit Ethernet
* GERAN - GSM Edge Radio Access Network
* GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node
* GK - Gatekeeper
* GMLC - Gateway Mobile Location Center
* GMM/SM - GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management
* GMSC - Gateway MSC
* GPRS - General Packet Radio System
* GPS - Global Positioning System
* GRE - Generic Routing Encapsulation
* GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications
* GSN - GPRS Support Node
* GSP - Global Service Provider
* GTP - GPRS Tunneling Protocol
* GTT - Global Title Translation
* GUI - Graphical User Interface
* GW - Gateway
* H.248 - MEGACO, Media Gateway Control Protocol
* H.323 - Umbrella protocol for H.255.0, H.245, H.450
* HA - High Availability
* H-AAA - Home AAA
* HDLC - High-level Data Link Control
* HDTV - High Definition Television
* HLR - Home Location Register
* HNB - Home NodeB
* HSS - Home Subscriber Server
* I-CSCF - Interrogating Call Session Control Function
* i-SCSI - Internet Small Computer Systems Interface
* I/F - Interface
* I/O - Input / Output
* IA - Intel Architecture
* IAD - Integrated Access Device
* IBN - Isolated Bonding Network
* ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
* IEC - Inter Exchange Carrier
* IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
* IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
* IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol
* IKE - Internet Key Exchange
* ILMI - Integrated Local Management Interface
* IM - Instant Messaging
* IM-SSF - IP Multimedia - Service Switching Function
* IME - Interface Management Entity
* IMS - IP Multimedia Subsystem
* IMS-MGW - IP Multimedia Subsystem Media Gateway Function
* IN - Intelligent Network
* INAP - Intelligent Network Application Protocol
* InATMARP - Inverse ATMARP
* IOS - Inter-Operability Specifications
* IP - Internet Protocol
* IP PBX - Internet Protocol Private Branch Exchange
* IP-SP - IP-Signaling Point
* IPBCP - IP Bearer Control Protocol
* IPoA - IP over ATM
* IPsec - IP Security
* IPT - Integrated Project Team
* IPTV - IP Television
* IRIG-B - Inter Range Instrumentation Group mod B
* ISC - IMS Service Control
* ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
* ISG - Intelligent Services Gateway
* ISO/IEC - International Organization of Standardization / International - Electrotechnical Commission
* ISUP - ISDN User Part
* ITU-T - International Telecommunications Union Telecom sector
* IUA - ISDN Q.921 User Adaptation Layer
* IVR - Interactive Voice Response
* IWGW - Interworking Gateway
* IWMSC - Interworking MSC
* JFS - Journaling File System
* JTAG - Joint Test Action Group
* KVM - Keyboard Video Mouse
* L1 - Layer 1 in OSI Model (Physical Layer)
* L2 - Layer 2 in OSI Model (Data Link layer)
* L2F - Layer 2 Forwarding
* L2TP - Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
* LAN - Local Area Network
* LAPB - Link Access Procedure Balanced
* LAPC - Link Access Procedure for Control Plane
* LAPD - Link Access Protocol on D channel
* LAPDm - LAPD Mobility
* LAPV5 DL - Link Access Protocol V5 Data Link
* LAPV5 EF - Link Access Protocol V5 Envelope Function
* LB - Load Balancing
* LBS - Location-Based Services
* LCS - Location Services
* LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
* LDF - Load Distribution Function
* LE - Local Exchange
* LL - Local Loop
* LLC - Logical Link Control
* LMA - Local Mobility Anchor
* LMI - Local Management Interface
* LMU - Location Management Unit
* LNP - Local Number Portability
* LOC - Location Center
* LSR - Label Switch Router
* LTE - Long-Term Evolution
* M2PA - MTP2 Peer-to-Peer Adaptation Layer
* M2UA - MTP2 User Adaptation Layer
* M3UA - MTP3 User Adaptation Layer
* MAC - Media Access Control
* MAG - Mobile Access Gateway
* MAP - Mobile Application Part
* MBMS - Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
* MBS - Maximum Burst Size
* MCE - Multi-cell / multicast Coordination Entity
* MCU - Multipoint Conference Unit
* MD 5 - Message-Digest Algorithm
* MD - Manufacture Discontinue
* MDM - Media Device Manager
* MEGACO - Media Gateway Control Protocol (H.248)
* Mesh-BN - Meshed Bonding Network
* MFC - Most Favored Customer
* MFRP - Multimedia Function Resource Processor
* MG - Media Gateway
* MGC - Media Gateway Controller
* MGCF - Media Gateway Control Function
* MGCP - Media Gateway Control Protocol
* MGW - Media Gateway
* MIB - Management Information Base
* MIMO - Multiple Input, Multiple Output
* MIP - Mobile IP
* MIPS - Million Instructions Per Second
* MM - Mobility Management
* MME - Mobile Management Entity
* MMS - Multimedia Messaging Service
* MNP/LNP - Mobile / Local Number Portability
* MPLS - Multi-Protocol Label Switching
* MPoA - Multi-Protocol over ATM
* MRFC - Multimedia Resource Function Controller
* MRFP - Multimedia Resource Function Processor
* MSC - Mobile Switching Center
* MSCF - Messaging Service Control Function
* MTP - Message Transfer Part
* NA - North American
* NAPT - Network Address Port Translation
* NAS - Network Attached Storage, Not Access Stratum
* NAT - Network Address Translation
* NBAP - Node B Application Part
* NEBS - Network Equipment Building System
* NEDS - Network Equipment Development Standard
* NFS - Network File System
* NGN - Next Generation Network
* NIC - Network Interface Card
* NNI - Network-Network Interface
* NRE - Non-recoverable Engineering
* NS - Network Services
* NSRP - Network Service-Ready Platform
* NTP - Network Time Protocol
* OAM - Operations, Administration & Maintenance
* OC-3 - Optical Carrier Level 3 (155.5Mbps)
* OC-12 - Optical Carrier Level 12 (622.1Mbps)
* OC-48 - Optical Carrier Level 48 (2.488Gbps)
* OC-192 - Optical Carrier Level 192 (9.953Gbps)
* OC-768 - Optical Carrier Level 768 (39.81Gbps)
* OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer
* OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
* OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
* OFM - Outage Frequency Measurement
* OM - Operational Measurement
* OPEX - Operating Expense
* OSA - Open Service Access
* OSA-GW - Open Service Access - Gateway
* OSA-SCS - Open Services Architecture Service Capability Server
* OSI - Open Systems Interconnection
* OSP - Open Settlement Protocol
* OSPF - Open Shortest Path First
* OSS - Operations Support System
* OXC - Optical Cross Connect
* P-CSCF - Proxy Call Session Control Function
* P-MSC - Packet Mobile Switching Center
* PBX - Private Branch Exchange
* PCAP - Positioning Calculation Application Part
* PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
* PCR - Peak Cell Rate
* PDCP - Packet Data Control Protocol
* PDF - Policy Decision Function
* PDG - Packet Data Gateway
* PDSN - Packet Data Support Node
* PEC - Product Engineering Code
* PG-MSC - Packet Gateway Mobile Switching Center
* PGW - Packet Gateway
* PHP - PHP Hypertext Preprocessor embedded scripting language
* PHY - Physical Layer
* PI - Product Integrity
* PICMG - PCI Industrial Computers Manufacturers Group
* PKM - Privacy Key Management
* PLOA - Protocol Layers Over ATM
* PMC - PCI Mezzanine Card
* PMIP - Proxy Mobile IP
* POTS - Plain Old Telephone Service
* PPC - PowerPC
* PPP - Point-to-Point Protocol
* PPTP - Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
* PRI - Primary Rate Interface
* PSF - Protocol-Specific Function
* PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network
* PTM - Packet Telephony Manager
* PTT - Push-to-Talk
* PVC - Permanent Virtual Circuit
* PVG - Packet Voice Gateway
* QoE - Quality of Experience
* QoS - Quality of Service
* RFP - Request for Proposal
* RFQ - Request for Quote
* RIP - Routing Information Protocol
* RLC - Radio Link Control
* RLC/MAC - GPRS Radio Link Control / Medium Access Control
* RNC - Radio Network Controller
* RNSAP - Radio Network Subsystem Application Part
* ROI - Return on Investment
* RR - Radio Resource
* RRC - Radio Resource Control
* RTCP - Real-time Control Protocol
* RTP - Real-time Transport Protocol
* RTPC - Signaling Route Management Transfer Prohibited Control
* S-CSCF - Serving Call Session Control Function
* SABP - Service Area Broadcast Protocol
* SAE - System Architecture Evolution
* SAF - Service Availability Forum
* SAN - Storage Area Network
* SBC - Session Border Controller, Single Board Computer
* SCCP - Signaling Connection Control Part
* SCF - Switching Control Function
* SCIM - Service Capability Interaction Manager
* SCP - Service Control Point
* SCR - Sustained Cell Rate
* SCS - Service Capability Server
* SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
* SCTP - Stream Control Transmission Protocol
* SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
* SDHLR - Super Distributed Home Location Register
* SDK - Software Development Kit
* SDP - Session Description Protocol
* SEG - Security Gateway
* SFP - Small Form-factor Pluggable
* SG - Signaling Gateway
* SGF - Set Graphic Rendition
* SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node
* SHA-1 - Secure Hash Algorithm-1
* SIGTRAN - Signaling Transport
* SIP - Session Initiation Protocol
* SLF - Subscription Locator Function
* SM - Session Management
* SMLC - Serving Mobile Location Center
* SMP - Symmetrical Multi-Processing
* SMS - Short Messaging Service
* SMSC - Short Message Service Center
* SNA - Storage Network Architecture
* SNC - Synchronous Network Clock
* SNDCP - SubNetwork-Dependent Convergence Protocol
* SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
* SNTP - Simple Network Time Protocol
* SONET - Synchronous Optical Network
* SPARC - Scalable Processor Architecture
* SPG - Signaling Processor Gateway
* SRF - Specialized Resource Function
* SRNC (UMB) - Session Reference Network Controller
* SRNC (WCDMA) - Serving RNC
* SRTP - Secure Real-Time Protocol
* SS - Supplementary Services
* SS7 - Signaling System 7
* SSC1 - Seismic Server Cabinet 1
* SSCF - Service Specific Coordination Function
* SSCOP - Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol
* SSCS - Service Specific Convergence Sublayer
* SSF - Service Switching Function
* SSH - Secure Shell
* SSP - Signaling Service Point
* SSS - Signaling Software Subsystem
* STC - Signaling Transport Converter
* STM - Synchronous Transfer Mode
* STP - Signaling Transfer Point
* SUA - SCCP User Adaptation Layer
* SVC - Switched Virtual Circuit
* T1 - Digital Carrier Facility for Digital Signal Level 1
* TAPA - Trillium Advanced Portability Architecture
* TAS - Telephony Application Server
* TC - Transmission Convergence Sublayer
* TCAP - Transaction Capability Application Part
* TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
* TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
* TCO - Total Cost of Ownership
* TDM - Time Division Multiplexing
* TEM - Telecom Equipment Manufacturer
* TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol
* THIG - Topology Hiding Internetwork Gateway
* TNL - Transport Network Layer
* TLS - Transport Layer Security
* TRX - Transcoder
* TTS - Text-To-Speech
* TUCL - TCP / UDP Convergence Layer
* TUP - Telephony User Part
* UAS - Universal Audio Server
* UBR - Unspecified Bit Rate
* UDP - User Datagram Protocol
* UE - User Equipment
* UL - Underwriters Laboratory
* UMA - Unlicensed Mobile Access
* UMB - Ultra Mobile Broadband
* UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
* UNC - Universal Naming Convention
* UNI - User-Network Interface
* UP - User Plane
* USP - Universal Signaling Point
* UTRAN - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
* UUI - User-to-User Indicator
* V5.2 - V5.2 Interface Signaling
* V5UA - V5.2-User Adaptation Layer
* V-AAA - Visitor AAA
* VBR - Variable Bit Rate
* VC - Virtual Connection
* VCC - Virtual Channel Connection
* VCCI - Voluntary Control Council for Interference
* VCI - Virtual Channel Identifier
* VCL - Virtual Channel Links
* VLAN - Virtual Local Area Network
* VLR - Visiting Location Register
* VNS - Voice Navigation System
* VO - Validation Office
* VoATM - Voice over ATM
* VoD - Video on Demand
* VoIP - Voice over Internet Protocol
* VP - Virtual Path
* VPI - Virtual Path Identifier
* VPL - Virtual Path Links
* VPN - Virtual Private Network
* VRRP - Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
* VrTx - Virtual Real-Time Executive real-time operating system
* VXML - Voice Extensible Markup Language
* WAG - Wireless Access Gateway
* WCDMA - Wideband CDMA
* WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
* WRR - Weighted Round Robin
* WSF - Wireless Service Framework
* X.25 - Packet switched data network protocol
* XFS - X Font Server
* 3G - Third Generation
* 3GPP, 3GPP2 - Third Generation Partnership Project, Project 2
* AAA - Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
* AAL - ATM Adaptation Layer
* ACD - Automatic Call Distribution
* ACTS - Automated Coin Toll Service
* ADPCM - Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
* AG - Access Gateway
* AH - Authentication Header
* AIN - Advanced Intelligent Network
* AIS - Alarm Indication Signaling
* AIX - Advanced Interactive Executive
* ALCAP - Access Link Control Application Protocol
* AMR - Adaptive Multi-Rate
* ANDSF - Access Network Discovery and Selection Function
* ANSI - American National Standards Institute
* AP - Application Part
* API - Application Programming Interface
* APP - Application Marker
* APS - Automatic Protection Switching
* ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
* AS - Application Server
* ASN-1 - Abstract Syntax Notation One Encoder / Decoder
* ASP - Application Service Provider
* ASR - Audio Response System
* ATCA - Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture
* ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode
* ATMARP - Asynchronous Transfer Mode Address Resolution Protocol
* AuC - Authentication Center
* B-ISUP - Broadband ISDN User Part
* B2BUA - Back-to-Back User Agent
* BDP - Business Decision Point
* BGCF - Breakout Gateway Control Function
* BICC - Bearer Independent Call Control
* BM-SC - Broadcast / Multicast Service Center
* BMC - Broadcast Multicast Control
* BOOTP - Bootstrap Protocol
* BRAS/MSS - Broadband Remote Access Switch / Multi Service Switch
* BS - Base Station
* BSC - Base Station Controller
* BSS - Base Station System
* BSSAP - Base Station System Application Part
* BSSGP - Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol
* BTS - Base Transceiver System
* BTSM - BTS Management
* CALA - Caribbean and Latin America
* CAMEL - Customized Applications for Mobile Networks Enhanced Logic
* CAN - Connectivity Access Network
* CAP - CAMEL Application Part
* CAPEX - Capital Expenditure
* CBC - Cell Broadcast Center
* CBN - Common Bonding Network
* CC - Call Control, Connection Confirm
* CCF - Charging Control Function
* CCPU - Continuous Computing
* CD-ROM - Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
* CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
* CDVT - Cell Delay Variation Tolerance
* CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
* CGF - Charging Gateway Function
* CGW - Charging Gateway
* CID - Channel Identifier
* CISPR - Comite International Spécial des Peturbations Radioélectriques (or International Special Committee on Radio Interference)
* CLEI - Common Language Equipment Identifier
* CLI - Command Line Interface
* CLIP - Classical IP
* CM - Connection Manager
* CN - Core Network
* COPS - Common Open Policy Service
* COPS-PR - COPS Policy Provisioning
* CORBA - Common Object Request Broker Architecture
* COTS - Commercial Off-The-Shelf
* CP-TA - Communications Platforms Trade Association
* CPU - Central Processing Unit
* CRF - Charging Rules Function
* CS - Circuit Switched
* CS2K - Communication Server 2000
* CSA - Canadian Standards Association
* CSCF - Call Session Control Function
* CSE - CAMEL Service Environment
* CSU - Computer Switching Unit
* CSV - Comma Separated Values
* DAT - Digital Audio Tape
* DES - Diagnostic Error Signaling
* DFT/HA - Distributed Fault-Tolerant / High Availability
* DFT - Distributed Fault-Tolerant
* DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
* Diameter - Signaling protocol for AAA functions in IMS networks
* DiffServ - Differentiated Services
* DL - Data Link, Down Link
* DLT - Digital Linear Tape
* DNS - Domain Name System
* DPI - Deep Packet Inspection
* DPM - Downtime Performance Measurement
* DS-0 - Digital Signal Zero (64Kbps)
* DS-1 - Digital Signal One (1.544Mbps)
* DS-3 - Digital Signal Three (44.7Mbps)
* DS - Differentiated Services
* DSCP - Dynamic Subnet Configuration Protocol
* DSL - Digital Subscriber Line
* DSLAM - Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
* DSMIP - Dual Stack Mobile IP
* DSP - Digital Signal Processing
* DSU - Digital Switching Unit
* DTMF - Dual Tone Multi-Frequency
* DVD - Digital Video Disk
* DVMRP - Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
* E1 - European Format Digital Signal Level 1
* EADPCM - Embedded Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
* EAP - Extensible Authentication Protocol
* eBM-SC - Enhanced Broadcast / Multicast Service Center
* eBS - Evolved Base Station
* ECF - Event Charging Function
* ECMP - Equal Cost Multi-Path
* EIA - Electronic Industries Association
* EIR - Equipment Identification Register
* EM - Element Manager
* EMC - Electromagnetic Compatibility
* EMS - Element Management System
* EN - European Norm
* eNb - E-UTRAN NodeB
* ENUM - Telephone Number Mapping
* EPC - Evolved Packet Core
* EPS - Evolved Packet System
* ePDG - Enhanced Packet Data Gateway
* ESI - End System Identifier
* ESP - Encapsulating Security Payload
* ETS - European Telecommunication Standard
* ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* E-UTRAN - Evolved UTRAN
* F1 - F1 Class of OAM
* F3 - Virtual Path OAM
* F5 OAM - Virtual Circuit OAM
* FA - Foreign Agent
* FAP - Femto Access Point
* FCC - Federal Communications Commission
* FGW - Femto Gateway
* FITs - Failures per Billion Hours of Operation
* FMECA - Fault Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis
* FP - Framing Protocol
* FR - Frame Relay
* FRU - Field Replaceable Unit
* FT/HA - Fault-Tolerant / High Availability
* FTP - File Transfer Protocol
* FTTx - Fiber to the curb / home / premises
* GAN - Generic Access Network
* GANC - Generic Access Network Controller
* GbE - Gigabit Ethernet
* GERAN - GSM Edge Radio Access Network
* GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node
* GK - Gatekeeper
* GMLC - Gateway Mobile Location Center
* GMM/SM - GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management
* GMSC - Gateway MSC
* GPRS - General Packet Radio System
* GPS - Global Positioning System
* GRE - Generic Routing Encapsulation
* GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications
* GSN - GPRS Support Node
* GSP - Global Service Provider
* GTP - GPRS Tunneling Protocol
* GTT - Global Title Translation
* GUI - Graphical User Interface
* GW - Gateway
* H.248 - MEGACO, Media Gateway Control Protocol
* H.323 - Umbrella protocol for H.255.0, H.245, H.450
* HA - High Availability
* H-AAA - Home AAA
* HDLC - High-level Data Link Control
* HDTV - High Definition Television
* HLR - Home Location Register
* HNB - Home NodeB
* HSS - Home Subscriber Server
* I-CSCF - Interrogating Call Session Control Function
* i-SCSI - Internet Small Computer Systems Interface
* I/F - Interface
* I/O - Input / Output
* IA - Intel Architecture
* IAD - Integrated Access Device
* IBN - Isolated Bonding Network
* ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
* IEC - Inter Exchange Carrier
* IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
* IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
* IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol
* IKE - Internet Key Exchange
* ILMI - Integrated Local Management Interface
* IM - Instant Messaging
* IM-SSF - IP Multimedia - Service Switching Function
* IME - Interface Management Entity
* IMS - IP Multimedia Subsystem
* IMS-MGW - IP Multimedia Subsystem Media Gateway Function
* IN - Intelligent Network
* INAP - Intelligent Network Application Protocol
* InATMARP - Inverse ATMARP
* IOS - Inter-Operability Specifications
* IP - Internet Protocol
* IP PBX - Internet Protocol Private Branch Exchange
* IP-SP - IP-Signaling Point
* IPBCP - IP Bearer Control Protocol
* IPoA - IP over ATM
* IPsec - IP Security
* IPT - Integrated Project Team
* IPTV - IP Television
* IRIG-B - Inter Range Instrumentation Group mod B
* ISC - IMS Service Control
* ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
* ISG - Intelligent Services Gateway
* ISO/IEC - International Organization of Standardization / International - Electrotechnical Commission
* ISUP - ISDN User Part
* ITU-T - International Telecommunications Union Telecom sector
* IUA - ISDN Q.921 User Adaptation Layer
* IVR - Interactive Voice Response
* IWGW - Interworking Gateway
* IWMSC - Interworking MSC
* JFS - Journaling File System
* JTAG - Joint Test Action Group
* KVM - Keyboard Video Mouse
* L1 - Layer 1 in OSI Model (Physical Layer)
* L2 - Layer 2 in OSI Model (Data Link layer)
* L2F - Layer 2 Forwarding
* L2TP - Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
* LAN - Local Area Network
* LAPB - Link Access Procedure Balanced
* LAPC - Link Access Procedure for Control Plane
* LAPD - Link Access Protocol on D channel
* LAPDm - LAPD Mobility
* LAPV5 DL - Link Access Protocol V5 Data Link
* LAPV5 EF - Link Access Protocol V5 Envelope Function
* LB - Load Balancing
* LBS - Location-Based Services
* LCS - Location Services
* LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
* LDF - Load Distribution Function
* LE - Local Exchange
* LL - Local Loop
* LLC - Logical Link Control
* LMA - Local Mobility Anchor
* LMI - Local Management Interface
* LMU - Location Management Unit
* LNP - Local Number Portability
* LOC - Location Center
* LSR - Label Switch Router
* LTE - Long-Term Evolution
* M2PA - MTP2 Peer-to-Peer Adaptation Layer
* M2UA - MTP2 User Adaptation Layer
* M3UA - MTP3 User Adaptation Layer
* MAC - Media Access Control
* MAG - Mobile Access Gateway
* MAP - Mobile Application Part
* MBMS - Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
* MBS - Maximum Burst Size
* MCE - Multi-cell / multicast Coordination Entity
* MCU - Multipoint Conference Unit
* MD 5 - Message-Digest Algorithm
* MD - Manufacture Discontinue
* MDM - Media Device Manager
* MEGACO - Media Gateway Control Protocol (H.248)
* Mesh-BN - Meshed Bonding Network
* MFC - Most Favored Customer
* MFRP - Multimedia Function Resource Processor
* MG - Media Gateway
* MGC - Media Gateway Controller
* MGCF - Media Gateway Control Function
* MGCP - Media Gateway Control Protocol
* MGW - Media Gateway
* MIB - Management Information Base
* MIMO - Multiple Input, Multiple Output
* MIP - Mobile IP
* MIPS - Million Instructions Per Second
* MM - Mobility Management
* MME - Mobile Management Entity
* MMS - Multimedia Messaging Service
* MNP/LNP - Mobile / Local Number Portability
* MPLS - Multi-Protocol Label Switching
* MPoA - Multi-Protocol over ATM
* MRFC - Multimedia Resource Function Controller
* MRFP - Multimedia Resource Function Processor
* MSC - Mobile Switching Center
* MSCF - Messaging Service Control Function
* MTP - Message Transfer Part
* NA - North American
* NAPT - Network Address Port Translation
* NAS - Network Attached Storage, Not Access Stratum
* NAT - Network Address Translation
* NBAP - Node B Application Part
* NEBS - Network Equipment Building System
* NEDS - Network Equipment Development Standard
* NFS - Network File System
* NGN - Next Generation Network
* NIC - Network Interface Card
* NNI - Network-Network Interface
* NRE - Non-recoverable Engineering
* NS - Network Services
* NSRP - Network Service-Ready Platform
* NTP - Network Time Protocol
* OAM - Operations, Administration & Maintenance
* OC-3 - Optical Carrier Level 3 (155.5Mbps)
* OC-12 - Optical Carrier Level 12 (622.1Mbps)
* OC-48 - Optical Carrier Level 48 (2.488Gbps)
* OC-192 - Optical Carrier Level 192 (9.953Gbps)
* OC-768 - Optical Carrier Level 768 (39.81Gbps)
* OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer
* OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
* OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
* OFM - Outage Frequency Measurement
* OM - Operational Measurement
* OPEX - Operating Expense
* OSA - Open Service Access
* OSA-GW - Open Service Access - Gateway
* OSA-SCS - Open Services Architecture Service Capability Server
* OSI - Open Systems Interconnection
* OSP - Open Settlement Protocol
* OSPF - Open Shortest Path First
* OSS - Operations Support System
* OXC - Optical Cross Connect
* P-CSCF - Proxy Call Session Control Function
* P-MSC - Packet Mobile Switching Center
* PBX - Private Branch Exchange
* PCAP - Positioning Calculation Application Part
* PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
* PCR - Peak Cell Rate
* PDCP - Packet Data Control Protocol
* PDF - Policy Decision Function
* PDG - Packet Data Gateway
* PDSN - Packet Data Support Node
* PEC - Product Engineering Code
* PG-MSC - Packet Gateway Mobile Switching Center
* PGW - Packet Gateway
* PHP - PHP Hypertext Preprocessor embedded scripting language
* PHY - Physical Layer
* PI - Product Integrity
* PICMG - PCI Industrial Computers Manufacturers Group
* PKM - Privacy Key Management
* PLOA - Protocol Layers Over ATM
* PMC - PCI Mezzanine Card
* PMIP - Proxy Mobile IP
* POTS - Plain Old Telephone Service
* PPC - PowerPC
* PPP - Point-to-Point Protocol
* PPTP - Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
* PRI - Primary Rate Interface
* PSF - Protocol-Specific Function
* PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network
* PTM - Packet Telephony Manager
* PTT - Push-to-Talk
* PVC - Permanent Virtual Circuit
* PVG - Packet Voice Gateway
* QoE - Quality of Experience
* QoS - Quality of Service
* RFP - Request for Proposal
* RFQ - Request for Quote
* RIP - Routing Information Protocol
* RLC - Radio Link Control
* RLC/MAC - GPRS Radio Link Control / Medium Access Control
* RNC - Radio Network Controller
* RNSAP - Radio Network Subsystem Application Part
* ROI - Return on Investment
* RR - Radio Resource
* RRC - Radio Resource Control
* RTCP - Real-time Control Protocol
* RTP - Real-time Transport Protocol
* RTPC - Signaling Route Management Transfer Prohibited Control
* S-CSCF - Serving Call Session Control Function
* SABP - Service Area Broadcast Protocol
* SAE - System Architecture Evolution
* SAF - Service Availability Forum
* SAN - Storage Area Network
* SBC - Session Border Controller, Single Board Computer
* SCCP - Signaling Connection Control Part
* SCF - Switching Control Function
* SCIM - Service Capability Interaction Manager
* SCP - Service Control Point
* SCR - Sustained Cell Rate
* SCS - Service Capability Server
* SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
* SCTP - Stream Control Transmission Protocol
* SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
* SDHLR - Super Distributed Home Location Register
* SDK - Software Development Kit
* SDP - Session Description Protocol
* SEG - Security Gateway
* SFP - Small Form-factor Pluggable
* SG - Signaling Gateway
* SGF - Set Graphic Rendition
* SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node
* SHA-1 - Secure Hash Algorithm-1
* SIGTRAN - Signaling Transport
* SIP - Session Initiation Protocol
* SLF - Subscription Locator Function
* SM - Session Management
* SMLC - Serving Mobile Location Center
* SMP - Symmetrical Multi-Processing
* SMS - Short Messaging Service
* SMSC - Short Message Service Center
* SNA - Storage Network Architecture
* SNC - Synchronous Network Clock
* SNDCP - SubNetwork-Dependent Convergence Protocol
* SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
* SNTP - Simple Network Time Protocol
* SONET - Synchronous Optical Network
* SPARC - Scalable Processor Architecture
* SPG - Signaling Processor Gateway
* SRF - Specialized Resource Function
* SRNC (UMB) - Session Reference Network Controller
* SRNC (WCDMA) - Serving RNC
* SRTP - Secure Real-Time Protocol
* SS - Supplementary Services
* SS7 - Signaling System 7
* SSC1 - Seismic Server Cabinet 1
* SSCF - Service Specific Coordination Function
* SSCOP - Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol
* SSCS - Service Specific Convergence Sublayer
* SSF - Service Switching Function
* SSH - Secure Shell
* SSP - Signaling Service Point
* SSS - Signaling Software Subsystem
* STC - Signaling Transport Converter
* STM - Synchronous Transfer Mode
* STP - Signaling Transfer Point
* SUA - SCCP User Adaptation Layer
* SVC - Switched Virtual Circuit
* T1 - Digital Carrier Facility for Digital Signal Level 1
* TAPA - Trillium Advanced Portability Architecture
* TAS - Telephony Application Server
* TC - Transmission Convergence Sublayer
* TCAP - Transaction Capability Application Part
* TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
* TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
* TCO - Total Cost of Ownership
* TDM - Time Division Multiplexing
* TEM - Telecom Equipment Manufacturer
* TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol
* THIG - Topology Hiding Internetwork Gateway
* TNL - Transport Network Layer
* TLS - Transport Layer Security
* TRX - Transcoder
* TTS - Text-To-Speech
* TUCL - TCP / UDP Convergence Layer
* TUP - Telephony User Part
* UAS - Universal Audio Server
* UBR - Unspecified Bit Rate
* UDP - User Datagram Protocol
* UE - User Equipment
* UL - Underwriters Laboratory
* UMA - Unlicensed Mobile Access
* UMB - Ultra Mobile Broadband
* UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
* UNC - Universal Naming Convention
* UNI - User-Network Interface
* UP - User Plane
* USP - Universal Signaling Point
* UTRAN - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
* UUI - User-to-User Indicator
* V5.2 - V5.2 Interface Signaling
* V5UA - V5.2-User Adaptation Layer
* V-AAA - Visitor AAA
* VBR - Variable Bit Rate
* VC - Virtual Connection
* VCC - Virtual Channel Connection
* VCCI - Voluntary Control Council for Interference
* VCI - Virtual Channel Identifier
* VCL - Virtual Channel Links
* VLAN - Virtual Local Area Network
* VLR - Visiting Location Register
* VNS - Voice Navigation System
* VO - Validation Office
* VoATM - Voice over ATM
* VoD - Video on Demand
* VoIP - Voice over Internet Protocol
* VP - Virtual Path
* VPI - Virtual Path Identifier
* VPL - Virtual Path Links
* VPN - Virtual Private Network
* VRRP - Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
* VrTx - Virtual Real-Time Executive real-time operating system
* VXML - Voice Extensible Markup Language
* WAG - Wireless Access Gateway
* WCDMA - Wideband CDMA
* WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
* WRR - Weighted Round Robin
* WSF - Wireless Service Framework
* X.25 - Packet switched data network protocol
* XFS - X Font Server
Saturday, December 26, 2009
Meaningful For All Leaners
Meaningful For All Leaners
The organisation of schooling and further education has long been associated with the idea of a curriculum.But what actually is curricullum, and how might it be conceptualized?We explore curricullum theory and practice and its relations to informal education.
Education should be meaningful for all learners. We need a learner centered education system built on the explicit assumptions of connectedness, wholeness and being fully human.
The idea of curriculum is hardly new, but the way we understand and theorize it has altered over the years and there remains considerable dispute as to meaning. It has its origins in the running/chariot tracks of Greece. It was literally, a course.
The organisation of schooling and further education has long been associated with the idea of a curriculum.But what actually is curricullum, and how might it be conceptualized?We explore curricullum theory and practice and its relations to informal education.
Education should be meaningful for all learners. We need a learner centered education system built on the explicit assumptions of connectedness, wholeness and being fully human.
The idea of curriculum is hardly new, but the way we understand and theorize it has altered over the years and there remains considerable dispute as to meaning. It has its origins in the running/chariot tracks of Greece. It was literally, a course.
Two Of The Features
Two Of The Features
Learning is planned and guidedWe have to specify in advanced what we are seeking to achieve and how we are to go about it.
The definition refers to schoolingWe should recognize that our current appreciation of curriculum theory and practice emerged in the school and in relation to other schooling ideas such as subject and lesson.
Four ways of approaching curriculum theory and practice:
1. Curriculum as a body of knowledge to be transmitted.2. Curriculum as an attempt to achieve certain ends in students - product.3. Curriculum as process.4. Curriculum as praxis.
It is helpful to consider these ways of approaching curriculum theory and practice in the light of Aristotle's influential categorization of knowledge into three disciplines: the theorical, the productive and the practical.
The body of knowledge to be transmitted in the first is that classically valued as 'the canon'; the process and praxis models come close to practical deliberation; and the technical concerns of the outcome or product model mirror elements of Aristotle's characterization of productive. More this will be revealed as we examine the theory underpinning individual models.
posted by Noeja at 22:00
Learning is planned and guidedWe have to specify in advanced what we are seeking to achieve and how we are to go about it.
The definition refers to schoolingWe should recognize that our current appreciation of curriculum theory and practice emerged in the school and in relation to other schooling ideas such as subject and lesson.
Four ways of approaching curriculum theory and practice:
1. Curriculum as a body of knowledge to be transmitted.2. Curriculum as an attempt to achieve certain ends in students - product.3. Curriculum as process.4. Curriculum as praxis.
It is helpful to consider these ways of approaching curriculum theory and practice in the light of Aristotle's influential categorization of knowledge into three disciplines: the theorical, the productive and the practical.
The body of knowledge to be transmitted in the first is that classically valued as 'the canon'; the process and praxis models come close to practical deliberation; and the technical concerns of the outcome or product model mirror elements of Aristotle's characterization of productive. More this will be revealed as we examine the theory underpinning individual models.
posted by Noeja at 22:00
Curriculum as a product
Curriculum as a product
The dominant modes of describing and managing education are today couched in the productive form. Education is most often seen as a technical exercise. Objectives are set, a plan drawn up, then applied, and the outcomes (products) measured. It is way of thinking about education that has grown in influence in the United Kingdom since the late 1970's with the rise of vocationalism and the concern with competencies.
The central theory (of curriculum) is simple. Human life, however varied, consist in the performance of specific activities. Education that prepares for life is one that prepares definitely and adequately for these specific activities. However numerous and diverse they may be for any social class they can be discovered. This requires only that one go out into the world of affairs and discover the particulars of which their affairs consist. These will show the abilities, attitudes, habits, appreciations and forms of knowledge that men need. These will be the objectives of the curriculum. They will be numerous, definite, and particularized. The curriculum will then be that series of experiences which children and youth must have by way of obtaining those objectives.
We can see how these concerns translate into a nicely-ordered procedure; one that is very similar to the technical or productive thinking set out below.
The dominant modes of describing and managing education are today couched in the productive form. Education is most often seen as a technical exercise. Objectives are set, a plan drawn up, then applied, and the outcomes (products) measured. It is way of thinking about education that has grown in influence in the United Kingdom since the late 1970's with the rise of vocationalism and the concern with competencies.
The central theory (of curriculum) is simple. Human life, however varied, consist in the performance of specific activities. Education that prepares for life is one that prepares definitely and adequately for these specific activities. However numerous and diverse they may be for any social class they can be discovered. This requires only that one go out into the world of affairs and discover the particulars of which their affairs consist. These will show the abilities, attitudes, habits, appreciations and forms of knowledge that men need. These will be the objectives of the curriculum. They will be numerous, definite, and particularized. The curriculum will then be that series of experiences which children and youth must have by way of obtaining those objectives.
We can see how these concerns translate into a nicely-ordered procedure; one that is very similar to the technical or productive thinking set out below.
Curriculum as praxis
Curriculum as praxis
Curriculum as praxis is, in many respects, a development of the process model. While the process model is driven by general principles and places an emphasis on judgement and meaning making, it does not make explicit statements about the interests it serves. It may, for example, be used in such a way that does not make continual reference to collective human well-being and to the emancipation of the human spirit. The praxis model of curriculum theory and practice brings these to the centre of the process and makes an explicit commitment to Critical pedagogy goes beyond situating the learning experience within the experience of the learner.It is a process which takes the experiences of both the learner and the teacher and, through dialogue and negotiation, recognizes them both as problematic. It allows, indeed encourages, students and teachers together to confront the real problems of their existence and relationships. When students confront the real problems of their existence they will soon also be faced with their own oppression.
Just take account of these concerns.
Teachers enter particular schooling and situations with a personal, but shared idea of the good and a commitment to human emancipation, an ability to think critically, in-action an understanding of their role and the expectations other have of them, and a proposal for action which sets out essential principles and features of the educational encounter.
Guided by these, they encourage conversations between and with people in the situation out of which may come informed and committed action. They continually evaluate the process and what they can see of outcomes.
In this approach the curriculum itself develops through the dynamic interaction of action and reflection. That is, the curriculum is not simply a set of plans to be implemented, but rather is constituted through an active process in which planning, acting and evaluating are all reciprocally related and intergrated into the process. At its centre is praxis: informed, commited action.
posted by Noeja at 06:48
Curriculum as praxis is, in many respects, a development of the process model. While the process model is driven by general principles and places an emphasis on judgement and meaning making, it does not make explicit statements about the interests it serves. It may, for example, be used in such a way that does not make continual reference to collective human well-being and to the emancipation of the human spirit. The praxis model of curriculum theory and practice brings these to the centre of the process and makes an explicit commitment to Critical pedagogy goes beyond situating the learning experience within the experience of the learner.It is a process which takes the experiences of both the learner and the teacher and, through dialogue and negotiation, recognizes them both as problematic. It allows, indeed encourages, students and teachers together to confront the real problems of their existence and relationships. When students confront the real problems of their existence they will soon also be faced with their own oppression.
Just take account of these concerns.
Teachers enter particular schooling and situations with a personal, but shared idea of the good and a commitment to human emancipation, an ability to think critically, in-action an understanding of their role and the expectations other have of them, and a proposal for action which sets out essential principles and features of the educational encounter.
Guided by these, they encourage conversations between and with people in the situation out of which may come informed and committed action. They continually evaluate the process and what they can see of outcomes.
In this approach the curriculum itself develops through the dynamic interaction of action and reflection. That is, the curriculum is not simply a set of plans to be implemented, but rather is constituted through an active process in which planning, acting and evaluating are all reciprocally related and intergrated into the process. At its centre is praxis: informed, commited action.
posted by Noeja at 06:48
Institutes and Job opportunities
Networking- Courses, Institutes and Job opportunities
The best course for network professionals is CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) which gives you in depth knowledge in - Components of WAN, Functions of WAN components. OSI layers, TCP/IP-Addressing & Subnetting, Cisco Hierarchical Model.Interfaces & components. Modes and basic commands, Navigation commands. IOS:Routing concepts, Standard Access List, Extended Access List, Switching, Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), VLAN & VTP, WAN Protocols, Leased line, circuit & Pocket switching, PPP & HDLC, Authentication protocols PAP & CHAP, ISDN & Leased Line, Concepts of Frame Relay and Password Recovery. Several institutes in Hyderabad provide training for this course.For more information visit
Also you can explore to do some basic courses for a start like Hardware & Networking - Assembling & troubleshooting PC components. This is a 6 days course with theory and practical. Ethical Hacking - One week course with theory and practical. These courses are offered by ZOOM TECHNOLOGIES, Hyderabad. They also offer training for CCNA.For details visit
You can also join any of the courses offered by several universities like
Kalasalingam University, Tamil Nadu offers M.Tech in Network Engineering and Information Assurance and Security. The eligibility criterion for Network Engineering is BE/ B.Tech in EEE/ ECE/ EI/ IC/ IT/ CSE or Electronics. For Information Assurance and Security, it is BE/ B.Tech in EEE/ ECE/ EI/ IC/ IT/ CSE/ Electronics or MCA. The admission is based on performance at entrance examination conducted by the university.For details, log on to
R.V College of Engineering, Bangalore, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University offers M.Tech in Computer Networking. The admission is based on performance at entrance examination.For details, log on ,
Devi Ahalya Vishwa Vidyalaya, School of Computer Science and Information Technology, Indore, offers M.Tech Computer Science with Network Management and Information Security as a specialisation. The eligibility criterion is GATE in CSE/ECE with four years BE/ B.Tech (CSE/ IT/ Computer related subjects)/ MCA/ M.Sc (CS/ IT) with minimum 55 per cent marks. For non-GATE candidates the admission is through written test and interview.For details, log on to
The best course for network professionals is CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) which gives you in depth knowledge in - Components of WAN, Functions of WAN components. OSI layers, TCP/IP-Addressing & Subnetting, Cisco Hierarchical Model.Interfaces & components. Modes and basic commands, Navigation commands. IOS:Routing concepts, Standard Access List, Extended Access List, Switching, Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), VLAN & VTP, WAN Protocols, Leased line, circuit & Pocket switching, PPP & HDLC, Authentication protocols PAP & CHAP, ISDN & Leased Line, Concepts of Frame Relay and Password Recovery. Several institutes in Hyderabad provide training for this course.For more information visit
Also you can explore to do some basic courses for a start like Hardware & Networking - Assembling & troubleshooting PC components. This is a 6 days course with theory and practical. Ethical Hacking - One week course with theory and practical. These courses are offered by ZOOM TECHNOLOGIES, Hyderabad. They also offer training for CCNA.For details visit
You can also join any of the courses offered by several universities like
Kalasalingam University, Tamil Nadu offers M.Tech in Network Engineering and Information Assurance and Security. The eligibility criterion for Network Engineering is BE/ B.Tech in EEE/ ECE/ EI/ IC/ IT/ CSE or Electronics. For Information Assurance and Security, it is BE/ B.Tech in EEE/ ECE/ EI/ IC/ IT/ CSE/ Electronics or MCA. The admission is based on performance at entrance examination conducted by the university.For details, log on to
R.V College of Engineering, Bangalore, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University offers M.Tech in Computer Networking. The admission is based on performance at entrance examination.For details, log on ,
Devi Ahalya Vishwa Vidyalaya, School of Computer Science and Information Technology, Indore, offers M.Tech Computer Science with Network Management and Information Security as a specialisation. The eligibility criterion is GATE in CSE/ECE with four years BE/ B.Tech (CSE/ IT/ Computer related subjects)/ MCA/ M.Sc (CS/ IT) with minimum 55 per cent marks. For non-GATE candidates the admission is through written test and interview.For details, log on to
Thursday, December 24, 2009
LAPTOP Durability
A clogged heatsink on a 2.5 year old laptop.Due to their portability, laptops are subject to more wear and physical damage than desktops. Components such as screen hinges, latches, power jacks and power cords deteriorate gradually due to ordinary use. A liquid spill onto the keyboard, a rather minor mishap with a desktop system, can damage the internals of a laptop and result in a costly repair. One study found that a laptop is 3 times more likely to break during the first year of use than a desktop.
Original external components are expensive (a replacement AC adapter, for example, could cost 75 US$); other parts are inexpensive—a power jack can cost a few dollars—but their replacement may require extensive disassembly and reassembly of the laptop by a technician. Other inexpensive but fragile parts often cannot be purchased separate from larger more expensive components.[47] The repair costs of a failed motherboard or LCD panel may exceed the value of a used laptop.
Laptops rely on extremely compact cooling systems involving a fan and heat sink that can fail due to eventual clogging by accumulated airborne dust and debris. Most laptops do not have any sort of removable dust collection filter over the air intake for these cooling systems, resulting in a system that gradually runs hotter and louder as the years pass. Eventually the laptop starts to overheat even at idle load levels. This dust is usually stuck inside where casual cleaning and vacuuming cannot remove it. Instead, a complete disassembly is needed to clean the laptop.
Battery life of laptops is limited; the capacity drops with time, necessitating an eventual replacement after a few years. The battery is often easily replaceable, and one may replace it on purpose with a higher end model to achieve better battery life.
Original external components are expensive (a replacement AC adapter, for example, could cost 75 US$); other parts are inexpensive—a power jack can cost a few dollars—but their replacement may require extensive disassembly and reassembly of the laptop by a technician. Other inexpensive but fragile parts often cannot be purchased separate from larger more expensive components.[47] The repair costs of a failed motherboard or LCD panel may exceed the value of a used laptop.
Laptops rely on extremely compact cooling systems involving a fan and heat sink that can fail due to eventual clogging by accumulated airborne dust and debris. Most laptops do not have any sort of removable dust collection filter over the air intake for these cooling systems, resulting in a system that gradually runs hotter and louder as the years pass. Eventually the laptop starts to overheat even at idle load levels. This dust is usually stuck inside where casual cleaning and vacuuming cannot remove it. Instead, a complete disassembly is needed to clean the laptop.
Battery life of laptops is limited; the capacity drops with time, necessitating an eventual replacement after a few years. The battery is often easily replaceable, and one may replace it on purpose with a higher end model to achieve better battery life.
LCD Efficiency
Efficiency
LCDs are relatively inefficient in terms of power use per display size, because the vast majority of light that is being produced at the back of the screen is blocked before it reaches the viewer. To start with, the rear polarizer filters out over half of the original un-polarized light. Examining the image above, you can see that a good portion of the screen area is covered by the cell structure around the shutters, which removes another portion. After that, each sub-pixel's color filter removes the majority of what is left to leave only the desired color. Finally, to control the color and luminance of a pixel as a whole, the light has to be further absorbed in the shutters. 3M suggests that, on average, only 8 to 10% of the light being generated at the back of the set reaches the viewer.
For these reasons the backlighting system has to be extremely powerful. In spite of using highly efficient CCFLs, most sets use several hundred watts of power, more than would be required to light an entire house with the same technology. As a result, LCD televisions end up with overall power usage similar to a CRT of the same size. Using the same examples, the KV-40XBR800 dissipates 245 W,[2] while the LC-42D65 dissipates 235 W.[1] Plasma displays are worse; the best are on par with LCDs, but typical sets draw much more.
Modern LCD sets have attempted to address the power use through a process known as "dynamic lighting" (originally introduced for other reasons, see below). This system examines the image to find areas that are darker, and reduces the backlighting in those areas. CCFLs are long cylinders that run the length of the screen, so this change can only be used to control the brightness of the screen as a whole, or at least wide horizontal bands of it. This makes the technique suitable only for particular types of images, like the credits at the end of a movie. Sets using LEDs are more distributed, with each LED lighting only a small number of pixels, typically a 16 by 16 patch. This allows them to dynamically adjust brightness of much smaller areas, which is suitable for a much wider set of images.
Another ongoing area of research is to use materials that optically route light in order to re-use as much of the signal as possible. One potential improvement is to use microprisms or dichromic mirrors to split the light into R, G and B, instead of absorbing the unwanted colors in a filter. A successful system would improve efficiency by three times. Another would be to direct the light that would normally fall on opaque elements back into the transparent portion of the shutters. A number of companies are actively researching a variety of approaches, and 3M currently sells several products that route leaked light back toward the front of the screen.
Several newer technologies, OLED, FED and SED, have lower power use as one of their primary advantages. All of these technologies directly produce light on a sub-pixel basis, and use only as much power as that light level requires. Sony has demonstrated 36" FED units displaying very bright images drawing only 14 W, less than 1/10 as much as a similarly sized LCD. OLEDs and SEDs are similar to FEDs in power terms. The dramatically lower power requirements make these technologies particularly interesting in low-power uses like laptop computers and mobile phones. These sorts of devices were the market that originally bootstrapped LCD technology, due to its light weight and thinness.
LCDs are relatively inefficient in terms of power use per display size, because the vast majority of light that is being produced at the back of the screen is blocked before it reaches the viewer. To start with, the rear polarizer filters out over half of the original un-polarized light. Examining the image above, you can see that a good portion of the screen area is covered by the cell structure around the shutters, which removes another portion. After that, each sub-pixel's color filter removes the majority of what is left to leave only the desired color. Finally, to control the color and luminance of a pixel as a whole, the light has to be further absorbed in the shutters. 3M suggests that, on average, only 8 to 10% of the light being generated at the back of the set reaches the viewer.
For these reasons the backlighting system has to be extremely powerful. In spite of using highly efficient CCFLs, most sets use several hundred watts of power, more than would be required to light an entire house with the same technology. As a result, LCD televisions end up with overall power usage similar to a CRT of the same size. Using the same examples, the KV-40XBR800 dissipates 245 W,[2] while the LC-42D65 dissipates 235 W.[1] Plasma displays are worse; the best are on par with LCDs, but typical sets draw much more.
Modern LCD sets have attempted to address the power use through a process known as "dynamic lighting" (originally introduced for other reasons, see below). This system examines the image to find areas that are darker, and reduces the backlighting in those areas. CCFLs are long cylinders that run the length of the screen, so this change can only be used to control the brightness of the screen as a whole, or at least wide horizontal bands of it. This makes the technique suitable only for particular types of images, like the credits at the end of a movie. Sets using LEDs are more distributed, with each LED lighting only a small number of pixels, typically a 16 by 16 patch. This allows them to dynamically adjust brightness of much smaller areas, which is suitable for a much wider set of images.
Another ongoing area of research is to use materials that optically route light in order to re-use as much of the signal as possible. One potential improvement is to use microprisms or dichromic mirrors to split the light into R, G and B, instead of absorbing the unwanted colors in a filter. A successful system would improve efficiency by three times. Another would be to direct the light that would normally fall on opaque elements back into the transparent portion of the shutters. A number of companies are actively researching a variety of approaches, and 3M currently sells several products that route leaked light back toward the front of the screen.
Several newer technologies, OLED, FED and SED, have lower power use as one of their primary advantages. All of these technologies directly produce light on a sub-pixel basis, and use only as much power as that light level requires. Sony has demonstrated 36" FED units displaying very bright images drawing only 14 W, less than 1/10 as much as a similarly sized LCD. OLEDs and SEDs are similar to FEDs in power terms. The dramatically lower power requirements make these technologies particularly interesting in low-power uses like laptop computers and mobile phones. These sorts of devices were the market that originally bootstrapped LCD technology, due to its light weight and thinness.
LCD concepts
Basic LCD concepts
LCD television at home together with Playstation 3 and some other equipmentLCD televisions produce a colored image by selectively filtering a white light. The light is typically provided by a series of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) at the back of the screen, although some displays use white or colored LEDs instead. Millions of individual LCD shutters, arranged in a grid, open and close to allow a metered amount of the white light through. Each shutter is paired with a colored filter to remove all but the red, green or blue (RGB) portion of the light from the original white source. Each shutter–filter pair forms a single sub-pixel. The sub-pixels are so small that when the display is viewed from even a short distance, the individual colors blend together to produce a single spot of color, a pixel. The shade of color is controlled by changing the relative intensity of the light passing through the sub-pixels.
Liquid crystals encompass a wide range of (typically) rod-shaped polymers that naturally form into thin layers, as opposed to the more random alignment of a normal liquid. Some of these, the nematic liquid crystals, also show an alignment effect between the layers. The particular direction of the alignment of a nematic liquid crystal can be set by placing it in contact with an alignment layer or director, which is essentially a material with microscopic grooves in it. When placed on a director, the layer in contact will align itself with the grooves, and the layers above will subsequently align themselves with the layers below, the bulk material taking on the director's alignment. In the case of an LCD, this effect is utilized by using two directors arranged at right angles and placed close together with the liquid crystal between them. This forces the layers to align themselves in two directions, creating a twisted structure with each layer aligned at a slightly different angle to the ones on either side.
LCD shutters consist of a stack of three primary elements. On the bottom and top of the shutter are polarizer plates set at (typically) right angles. Normally light cannot travel through a pair of polarizers arranged in this fashion, and the display would be black. The polarizers also carry the directors to create the twisted structure aligned with the polarizers on either side. As the light flows out of the rear polarizer, it will naturally follow the liquid crystal's twist, exiting the front of the liquid crystal having been rotated through the correct angle that allows it to pass through the front polarizer. LCDs are normally transparent.
To turn a shutter off, an electrical voltage is applied across it from front to back. When this happens, the rod-shaped molecules align themselves with the electric field instead of the directors, destroying the twisted structure. The light no longer changes polarization as it flows through the liquid crystal, and can no longer pass through the front polarizer. By controlling the voltage applied across the crystal, the amount of remaining twist can be finely selected. This allows the transparency or opacity of the shutter to be accurately controlled. In order to improve switching time, the cells are placed under pressure, which increases the force to re-align themselves with the directors when the field is turned off.
Several other variations and modifications have been used in order to improve performance in certain applications. In-Plane Switching displays (IPS and S-IPS) offer wider viewing angles and better color reproduction, but are more difficult to construct and have slightly slower response times. IPS displays are used primarily for computer monitors. Vertical Alignment (VA, S-PVA and MVA) offer higher contrast ratios and good response times, but suffer from color shifting when viewed from the side. In general, all of these displays work in a similar fashion by controlling the polarization of the light source.
LCD television at home together with Playstation 3 and some other equipmentLCD televisions produce a colored image by selectively filtering a white light. The light is typically provided by a series of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) at the back of the screen, although some displays use white or colored LEDs instead. Millions of individual LCD shutters, arranged in a grid, open and close to allow a metered amount of the white light through. Each shutter is paired with a colored filter to remove all but the red, green or blue (RGB) portion of the light from the original white source. Each shutter–filter pair forms a single sub-pixel. The sub-pixels are so small that when the display is viewed from even a short distance, the individual colors blend together to produce a single spot of color, a pixel. The shade of color is controlled by changing the relative intensity of the light passing through the sub-pixels.
Liquid crystals encompass a wide range of (typically) rod-shaped polymers that naturally form into thin layers, as opposed to the more random alignment of a normal liquid. Some of these, the nematic liquid crystals, also show an alignment effect between the layers. The particular direction of the alignment of a nematic liquid crystal can be set by placing it in contact with an alignment layer or director, which is essentially a material with microscopic grooves in it. When placed on a director, the layer in contact will align itself with the grooves, and the layers above will subsequently align themselves with the layers below, the bulk material taking on the director's alignment. In the case of an LCD, this effect is utilized by using two directors arranged at right angles and placed close together with the liquid crystal between them. This forces the layers to align themselves in two directions, creating a twisted structure with each layer aligned at a slightly different angle to the ones on either side.
LCD shutters consist of a stack of three primary elements. On the bottom and top of the shutter are polarizer plates set at (typically) right angles. Normally light cannot travel through a pair of polarizers arranged in this fashion, and the display would be black. The polarizers also carry the directors to create the twisted structure aligned with the polarizers on either side. As the light flows out of the rear polarizer, it will naturally follow the liquid crystal's twist, exiting the front of the liquid crystal having been rotated through the correct angle that allows it to pass through the front polarizer. LCDs are normally transparent.
To turn a shutter off, an electrical voltage is applied across it from front to back. When this happens, the rod-shaped molecules align themselves with the electric field instead of the directors, destroying the twisted structure. The light no longer changes polarization as it flows through the liquid crystal, and can no longer pass through the front polarizer. By controlling the voltage applied across the crystal, the amount of remaining twist can be finely selected. This allows the transparency or opacity of the shutter to be accurately controlled. In order to improve switching time, the cells are placed under pressure, which increases the force to re-align themselves with the directors when the field is turned off.
Several other variations and modifications have been used in order to improve performance in certain applications. In-Plane Switching displays (IPS and S-IPS) offer wider viewing angles and better color reproduction, but are more difficult to construct and have slightly slower response times. IPS displays are used primarily for computer monitors. Vertical Alignment (VA, S-PVA and MVA) offer higher contrast ratios and good response times, but suffer from color shifting when viewed from the side. In general, all of these displays work in a similar fashion by controlling the polarization of the light source.
Computer science education
Computer science education
Some universities teach computer science as a theoretical study of computation and algorithmic reasoning. These programs often feature the theory of computation, analysis of algorithms, formal methods, concurrency theory, databases, computer graphics and systems analysis, among others. They typically also teach computer programming, but treat it as a vessel for the support of other fields of computer science rather than a central focus of high-level study.
Other colleges and universities, as well as secondary schools and vocational programs that teach computer science, emphasize the practice of advanced programming rather than the theory of algorithms and computation in their computer science curricula. Such curricula tend to focus on those skills that are important to workers entering the software industry. The practical aspects of computer programming are often referred to as software engineering. However, there is a lot of disagreement over the meaning of the term, and whether or not it is the same thing as programming.
Some universities teach computer science as a theoretical study of computation and algorithmic reasoning. These programs often feature the theory of computation, analysis of algorithms, formal methods, concurrency theory, databases, computer graphics and systems analysis, among others. They typically also teach computer programming, but treat it as a vessel for the support of other fields of computer science rather than a central focus of high-level study.
Other colleges and universities, as well as secondary schools and vocational programs that teach computer science, emphasize the practice of advanced programming rather than the theory of algorithms and computation in their computer science curricula. Such curricula tend to focus on those skills that are important to workers entering the software industry. The practical aspects of computer programming are often referred to as software engineering. However, there is a lot of disagreement over the meaning of the term, and whether or not it is the same thing as programming.
computers themselves
Despite its name, a significant amount of computer science does not involve the study of computers themselves. Because of this, several alternative names have been proposed. Certain departments of major universities prefer the term computing science, to emphasize precisely that difference. Danish scientist Peter Naur suggested the term datalogy, to reflect the fact that the scientific discipline revolves around data and data treatment, while not necessarily involving computers. The first scientific institution to use the term was the Department of Datalogy at the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1969, with Peter Naur being the first professor in datalogy. The term is used mainly in the Scandinavian countries. Also, in the early days of computing, a number of terms for the practitioners of the field of computing were suggested in the Communications of the ACM – turingineer, turologist, flow-charts-man, applied meta-mathematician, and applied epistemologist.[21] Three months later in the same journal, comptologist was suggested, followed next year by hypologist. The term computics has also been suggested.[23] In continental Europe, names such as informatique (French), Informatik (German) or informatica (Dutch), derived from information and mathematics, are more common than names derived from computer/computation.
The renowned computer scientist Edsger Dijkstra stated, "Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes." The design and deployment of computers and computer systems is generally considered the province of disciplines other than computer science. For example, the study of computer hardware is usually considered part of computer engineering, while the study of commercial computer systems and their deployment is often called information technology or information systems. However, there has been much cross-fertilization of ideas between the various computer-related disciplines. Computer science research has also often crossed into other disciplines, such as philosophy, cognitive science, economics, mathematics, physics, and linguistics.
Computer science is considered by some to have a much closer relationship with mathematics than many scientific disciplines, with some observers saying that computing is a mathematical science.[4] Early computer science was strongly influenced by the work of mathematicians such as Kurt Gödel and Alan Turing, and there continues to be a useful interchange of ideas between the two fields in areas such as mathematical logic, category theory, domain theory, and algebra.
The relationship between computer science and software engineering is a contentious issue, which is further muddied by disputes over what the term "software engineering" means, and how computer science is defined. David Parnas, taking a cue from the relationship between other engineering and science disciplines, has claimed that the principal focus of computer science is studying the properties of computation in general, while the principal focus of software engineering is the design of specific computations to achieve practical goals, making the two separate but complementary disciplines.[24]
The academic, political, and funding aspects of computer science tend to depend on whether a department formed with a mathematical emphasis or with an engineering emphasis. Computer science departments with a mathematics emphasis and with a numerical orientation consider alignment computational science. Both types of departments tend to make efforts to bridge the field educationally if not across all research.
The renowned computer scientist Edsger Dijkstra stated, "Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes." The design and deployment of computers and computer systems is generally considered the province of disciplines other than computer science. For example, the study of computer hardware is usually considered part of computer engineering, while the study of commercial computer systems and their deployment is often called information technology or information systems. However, there has been much cross-fertilization of ideas between the various computer-related disciplines. Computer science research has also often crossed into other disciplines, such as philosophy, cognitive science, economics, mathematics, physics, and linguistics.
Computer science is considered by some to have a much closer relationship with mathematics than many scientific disciplines, with some observers saying that computing is a mathematical science.[4] Early computer science was strongly influenced by the work of mathematicians such as Kurt Gödel and Alan Turing, and there continues to be a useful interchange of ideas between the two fields in areas such as mathematical logic, category theory, domain theory, and algebra.
The relationship between computer science and software engineering is a contentious issue, which is further muddied by disputes over what the term "software engineering" means, and how computer science is defined. David Parnas, taking a cue from the relationship between other engineering and science disciplines, has claimed that the principal focus of computer science is studying the properties of computation in general, while the principal focus of software engineering is the design of specific computations to achieve practical goals, making the two separate but complementary disciplines.[24]
The academic, political, and funding aspects of computer science tend to depend on whether a department formed with a mathematical emphasis or with an engineering emphasis. Computer science departments with a mathematics emphasis and with a numerical orientation consider alignment computational science. Both types of departments tend to make efforts to bridge the field educationally if not across all research.
Wednesday, December 23, 2009
Motivation
MotivationEducation for health begins with people. It hopes to motivate them with whatever interests they may have in improving their living conditions. Its aim is to develop in them a sense of responsibility for health conditions for themselves as individuals, as members of families, and as communities. In communicable disease control, health education commonly includes an appraisal of what is known by a population about a disease, an assessment of habits and attitudes of the people as they relate to spread and frequency of the disease, and the presentation of specific means to remedy observed deficiencies.
Health education is also an effective tool that helps improve health in developing nations. It not only teaches prevention and basic health knowledge but also conditions ideas that re-shape everyday habits of people with unhealthy lifestyles in developing countries. This type of conditioning not only affects the immediate recipients of such education but also future generations will benefit from an improved and properly cultivated ideas about health that will eventually be ingrained with widely spread health education. Moreover, besides physical health prevention, health education can also provide more aid and help people deal healthier with situations of extreme stress, anxiety, depression or other emotional disturbances to lessen the impact of these sorts of mental and emotional constituents, which can consequently lead to detrimental physical
Health education is also an effective tool that helps improve health in developing nations. It not only teaches prevention and basic health knowledge but also conditions ideas that re-shape everyday habits of people with unhealthy lifestyles in developing countries. This type of conditioning not only affects the immediate recipients of such education but also future generations will benefit from an improved and properly cultivated ideas about health that will eventually be ingrained with widely spread health education. Moreover, besides physical health prevention, health education can also provide more aid and help people deal healthier with situations of extreme stress, anxiety, depression or other emotional disturbances to lessen the impact of these sorts of mental and emotional constituents, which can consequently lead to detrimental physical
health education
Health Education Career OpportunitiesHealth Care Settings: these include hospitals (for-profit and public), medical care clinics, home health agencies, HMOs and PPOs. Here, a health educator teaches employees how to be healthy. Patient education positions are far and few between because insurance companies do not cover the costs.
Public Health Agencies: are official, tax funded, government agencies. They provide police protection, educational systems, as well as clean air and water. Public health departments provide health services and are organized by a city, county, state, or federal government.
School Health Education: involves all strategies, activities, and services offered by, in, or in association with schools that are designed to promote students' physical, emotional, and social development. School health involves teaching students about health and health related behaviors. Curriculum and programs are based on the school's expectations and health. .Non Profit Voluntary Health Agencies: are created by concerned citizens to deal with health needs not met by governmental agencies. Missions include public education, professional education, patient education, research, direct services and support to or for people directly affected by a specific health or medical problem. Usually funded by such means as private donations, grants, and fund-raisers.
Higher Education: typically two types of positions health educators hold including academic, or faculty or health educator in a student health service or wellness center. As a faculty member, the health educator typically has three major responsibilities: teaching, community and professional service, and scholarly research. As a health educator in a university health service or wellness center, the major responsibility is to plan, implement, and evaluate health promotion and education programs for program participants.
Work site Health Promotion: is a combination of educational, organizational and environmental activities designed to improve the health and safety of employees and their families. These work site wellness programs offer an additional setting for health educators and allow them to reach segments of the population that are not easily reached through traditional community health programs. Some work site health promotion Some work site health promotion activities include; smoking cessation, stress management, bulletin boards, newsletters, and much more.
Independent Consulting and Government Contracting: international, national, regional, sate, and local organizations contract with independent consultants for many reasons. They may be hired to assess individual and community needs for health education; plan, implement, administer and evaluate health education strategies; conduct research; serve as health education resource person; and or communicate about and advocate for health and health education. Government contractors are often behind national health education programs, government reports, public information web sites and telephone lines, media campaigns, conferences, and health education materials.
Public Health Agencies: are official, tax funded, government agencies. They provide police protection, educational systems, as well as clean air and water. Public health departments provide health services and are organized by a city, county, state, or federal government.
School Health Education: involves all strategies, activities, and services offered by, in, or in association with schools that are designed to promote students' physical, emotional, and social development. School health involves teaching students about health and health related behaviors. Curriculum and programs are based on the school's expectations and health. .Non Profit Voluntary Health Agencies: are created by concerned citizens to deal with health needs not met by governmental agencies. Missions include public education, professional education, patient education, research, direct services and support to or for people directly affected by a specific health or medical problem. Usually funded by such means as private donations, grants, and fund-raisers.
Higher Education: typically two types of positions health educators hold including academic, or faculty or health educator in a student health service or wellness center. As a faculty member, the health educator typically has three major responsibilities: teaching, community and professional service, and scholarly research. As a health educator in a university health service or wellness center, the major responsibility is to plan, implement, and evaluate health promotion and education programs for program participants.
Work site Health Promotion: is a combination of educational, organizational and environmental activities designed to improve the health and safety of employees and their families. These work site wellness programs offer an additional setting for health educators and allow them to reach segments of the population that are not easily reached through traditional community health programs. Some work site health promotion Some work site health promotion activities include; smoking cessation, stress management, bulletin boards, newsletters, and much more.
Independent Consulting and Government Contracting: international, national, regional, sate, and local organizations contract with independent consultants for many reasons. They may be hired to assess individual and community needs for health education; plan, implement, administer and evaluate health education strategies; conduct research; serve as health education resource person; and or communicate about and advocate for health and health education. Government contractors are often behind national health education programs, government reports, public information web sites and telephone lines, media campaigns, conferences, and health education materials.
Tuesday, December 22, 2009
education sector in India,
Public Expenditure on Education in IndiaIn recent times, several major announcements were made for developing the poor state of affairs in education sector in India, the most notable ones being the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The announcements are; (a) To progressively increase expenditure on education to around 6 percent of GDP. (b) To support this increase in expenditure on education, and to increase the quality of education, there would be an imposition of an education cess over all central government taxes. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of education due to economic backwardness and poverty. (d) To make right to education a fundamental right for all children in the age group 6–14 years. (e) To universalize education through its flagship programmes such as Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Mid Day Meal.
However, even after five years of implementation of NCMP, not much progress has been done on these promises or announcements. The public expenditure on education has actually declined from around 3.23 percent of GDP in 2000-2001 to 2.88 percent in the recent times. As a proportion of total government expenditure, it has declined from around 11.1 percent in 2000-2001 to around 9.98 percent during UPA rule. A policy brief issued by [Network for Social Accountability .“[NSA Response to Education Sector Interventions in Union Budget: UPA Rule and the Education Sector.provides significant revelation to this fact. Due to a declining priority of education in the public policy paradigm in India, there has been an exponential growth in the private expenditure on education also. [As per the available information, the private out of pocket expenditure by the working class population for the education of their children in India has increased by around 1150 percent or around 12.5 times over the last decade
However, even after five years of implementation of NCMP, not much progress has been done on these promises or announcements. The public expenditure on education has actually declined from around 3.23 percent of GDP in 2000-2001 to 2.88 percent in the recent times. As a proportion of total government expenditure, it has declined from around 11.1 percent in 2000-2001 to around 9.98 percent during UPA rule. A policy brief issued by [Network for Social Accountability .“[NSA Response to Education Sector Interventions in Union Budget: UPA Rule and the Education Sector.provides significant revelation to this fact. Due to a declining priority of education in the public policy paradigm in India, there has been an exponential growth in the private expenditure on education also. [As per the available information, the private out of pocket expenditure by the working class population for the education of their children in India has increased by around 1150 percent or around 12.5 times over the last decade
Quantitative methods
Quantitative methods Test scores and other educational variables often approximate a normal distribution.Perhaps first among the important methodological innovations of educational psychology was the development and application of factor analysis by Charles Spearman. Factor analysis is mentioned here as one example of the many multivariate statistical methods used by educational psychologists. Factor analysis is used to summarize relationships among a large set of variables or test questions, develop theories about mental constructs such as self-efficacy or anxiety, and assess the reliability and validity of test scores.Over one hundred years after its introduction by Spearman, factor analysis has become a research staple figuring prominently in educational psychology journals.
Because educational assessment is fundamental to most quantitative research in the field, educational psychologists have made significant contributions to the field of psychometrics. For example, alpha, the widely used measure of test reliability was developed by educational psychologist Lee Cronbach. The reliability of assessments are routinely reported in quantitative educational research. Although, originally, educational measurement methods were built on classical test theory, item response theory and Rasch models are now used extensively in educational measurement worldwide. These models afford advantages over classical test theory, including the capacity to produce standard errors of measurement for each score or pattern of scores on assessments and the capacity to handle missing responses.
Meta-analysis, the combination of individual research results to produce a quantitative literature review, is another methodological innovation with a close association to educational psychology. In a meta-analysis, effect sizes that represent, for example, the differences between treatment groups in a set of similar experiments, are averaged to obtain a single aggregate value representing the best estimate of the effect of treatment.Several decades after Pearson's work with early versions of meta-analysis, Glass.published the first application of modern meta-analytic techniques and triggered their broad application across the social and biomedical sciences. Today, meta-analysis is among the most common types of literature review found in educational psychology research.
Other quantitative research issues associated with educational psychology include the use of nested research designs (e.g., a student nested within a classroom, which is nested within a school, which is nested within a district, etc.) and the use of longitudinal statistical models to measure change.
Because educational assessment is fundamental to most quantitative research in the field, educational psychologists have made significant contributions to the field of psychometrics. For example, alpha, the widely used measure of test reliability was developed by educational psychologist Lee Cronbach. The reliability of assessments are routinely reported in quantitative educational research. Although, originally, educational measurement methods were built on classical test theory, item response theory and Rasch models are now used extensively in educational measurement worldwide. These models afford advantages over classical test theory, including the capacity to produce standard errors of measurement for each score or pattern of scores on assessments and the capacity to handle missing responses.
Meta-analysis, the combination of individual research results to produce a quantitative literature review, is another methodological innovation with a close association to educational psychology. In a meta-analysis, effect sizes that represent, for example, the differences between treatment groups in a set of similar experiments, are averaged to obtain a single aggregate value representing the best estimate of the effect of treatment.Several decades after Pearson's work with early versions of meta-analysis, Glass.published the first application of modern meta-analytic techniques and triggered their broad application across the social and biomedical sciences. Today, meta-analysis is among the most common types of literature review found in educational psychology research.
Other quantitative research issues associated with educational psychology include the use of nested research designs (e.g., a student nested within a classroom, which is nested within a school, which is nested within a district, etc.) and the use of longitudinal statistical models to measure change.
Monday, December 21, 2009
technology
TechnologyMain article: Educational technology
Technology is an increasingly influential factor in education. Computers and mobile phones are used in developed countries both to complement established education practices and develop new ways of learning such as online education (a type of distance education). This gives students the opportunity to choose what they are interested in learning. The proliferation of computers also means the increase of programming and blogging. Technology offers powerful learning tools that demand new skills and understandings of students, including Multimedia, and provides new ways to engage students, such as Virtual learning environments. Technology is being used more not only in administrative duties in education but also in the instruction of students. The use of technologies such as PowerPoint and interactive whiteboard is capturing the attention of students in the classroom. Technology is also being used in the assessment of students. One example is the Audience Response System (ARS), which allows immediate feedback tests and classroom discussions.
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a “diverse set of tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.”These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), and telephony. There is increasing interest in how computers and the Internet can improve education at all levels, in both formal and non-formal settings.Older ICT technologies, such as radio and television, have for over forty years been used for open and distance learning, although print remains the cheapest, most accessible and therefore most dominant delivery mechanism in both developed and developing countries.
The use of computers and the Internet is in its infancy in developing countries, if these are used at all, due to limited infrastructure and the attendant high costs of access. Usually, various technologies are used in combination rather than as the sole delivery mechanism. For example, the Kothmale Community Radio Internet uses both radio broadcasts and computer and Internet technologies to facilitate the sharing of information and provide educational opportunities in a rural community in Sri Lanka.The Open University of the United Kingdom (UKOU), established in 1969 as the first educational institution in the world wholly dedicated to open and distance learning, still relies heavily on print-based materials supplemented by radio, television and, in recent years, online programming. Similarly, the Indira Gandhi National Open University in India combines the use of print, recorded audio and video, broadcast radio and television, and audio conferencing technologies.
The term "computer-assisted learning" (CAL) has been increasingly used to describe the use of technology in teaching.
Technology is an increasingly influential factor in education. Computers and mobile phones are used in developed countries both to complement established education practices and develop new ways of learning such as online education (a type of distance education). This gives students the opportunity to choose what they are interested in learning. The proliferation of computers also means the increase of programming and blogging. Technology offers powerful learning tools that demand new skills and understandings of students, including Multimedia, and provides new ways to engage students, such as Virtual learning environments. Technology is being used more not only in administrative duties in education but also in the instruction of students. The use of technologies such as PowerPoint and interactive whiteboard is capturing the attention of students in the classroom. Technology is also being used in the assessment of students. One example is the Audience Response System (ARS), which allows immediate feedback tests and classroom discussions.
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a “diverse set of tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.”These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), and telephony. There is increasing interest in how computers and the Internet can improve education at all levels, in both formal and non-formal settings.Older ICT technologies, such as radio and television, have for over forty years been used for open and distance learning, although print remains the cheapest, most accessible and therefore most dominant delivery mechanism in both developed and developing countries.
The use of computers and the Internet is in its infancy in developing countries, if these are used at all, due to limited infrastructure and the attendant high costs of access. Usually, various technologies are used in combination rather than as the sole delivery mechanism. For example, the Kothmale Community Radio Internet uses both radio broadcasts and computer and Internet technologies to facilitate the sharing of information and provide educational opportunities in a rural community in Sri Lanka.The Open University of the United Kingdom (UKOU), established in 1969 as the first educational institution in the world wholly dedicated to open and distance learning, still relies heavily on print-based materials supplemented by radio, television and, in recent years, online programming. Similarly, the Indira Gandhi National Open University in India combines the use of print, recorded audio and video, broadcast radio and television, and audio conferencing technologies.
The term "computer-assisted learning" (CAL) has been increasingly used to describe the use of technology in teaching.
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